Django拾遗与博客项目

DEBUG

URL配置

当接收一个HttpRequest对象时, django会自上而下地寻找urlpatterns进行匹配

起点就是ROOT_URLCONF中设置的路径

• urlpatterns

  它是 django.urls.path() 和(或) django.urls.re_path() 实例的序列

  urlpatterns = [path('polls/', include("polls.urls")),path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
  ]
  

• URL匹配

  • 变量匹配

    path('/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
    

    • 要捕获的部分由<>包围
    • int代表数据类型, 也可以是str
    • 默认是在路径的结尾添加/

  • 正则匹配

    其实是封装re正则表达式模块

    ^表示开头, $表示结尾. 防止上级路径捕获次级路径的情况

    import repath = "5/vote/"
    m = re.match(r'^(?P\d+)/vote/$', path)
    print(m.group("question_id"))
    

    re_path(r'^(?P\d+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote')
    

• include

  include可以将其他urlconf添加到当前的urlpatterns序列当中.

HttpRequest

• 获取当前url的路径

  request.path
  

• 获取当前请求对象的method

  request.method
  

• 获取当前请求体

  request.body
  

  • 获取POST携带的data参数

    data_dict = request.POST
    choice = request.POST['choice']
    

  • 获取GET携带的params参数

    params_dict = request.GET
    

• 获取当前请求的session

  reqeust.session
  

• 获取当前请求的cookie

  cookie_dict = request.COOKIES
  

• 获取当前的域名

  request.get_host()
  

• 获取当前传输数据类型

  request.content_type
  

HttpResponse类型

• 模板

  return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
  

• 返回字符串

  return HttpResponse('test')
  

• 返回JSON格式的字符串

  虽然本质和HttpResponse(json.dumps({})) 一致, 但是JsonResponse提供了更多的功能

  from django.http import JsonResponsereturn JsonResponse({'choice': 2}, safe=False)
  

• 返回文件

  from django.http import FileResponsedef file_test(request):filename = "views.py"with open("polls/views.py", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:response = FileResponse(f.read())response['content-type'] = "application/octet-stream"response['content-disposition'] = f"attachment; filename={filename}"return response
  

• 返回异常

  raise Http404()
  

视图

HTTP协议请求方式

GET(查), POST(增), PUT(改), DELETE(删)

• 基于函数的视图

  def index(request):"""request 就是作为参数传递进来的请求对象:param request::return: HttpResponse 处理完请求的返回对象"""latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,}return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
  

  • 绑定url

    path('', views.index, name='index'),
    

  • 用函数实现restful api

    def index_get(request):passdef index_post(request):passdef index_put(request):passdef index_delete(request):pass
    

• 基于类的视图

  class IndexView(generic.TemplateView):template_name = "polls/index.html"def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,}return context
  

  • 绑定url

    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    

  • 用类实现restfulapi

    只需要绑定一次path, 会根据HttpRequest.method自动选择相应的处理方法.

    class IndexView(generic.View):def get(self, *args, **kwargs):passdef post(self, *args, **kwargs):passdef put(self, *args, **kwargs):passdef delete(self, *args, **kwargs):pass
    

选择hexo模板

https://hexo.io/themes/

创建开发环境

• 创建虚拟环境

• 安装依赖

  • 批量导出安装的第三方库

    pip freeze >> requirements.txt
    

  • 批量安装第三方库

    pip install -r requirements.txt
    

静态资源

前端框架最终都会转为HTML, CSS, JS的形式在浏览器中完成渲染

我们只要自定义静态资源中的内容九可以达到自动博客主题的目的

• 在settings中配置静态资源

  • templates

    TEMPLATES = [{'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates','DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "templates")], // 添加模板所在目录路径'APP_DIRS': True,'OPTIONS': {'context_processors': ['django.template.context_processors.debug','django.template.context_processors.request','django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth','django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',],},},
    ]

  • static

    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/xxx.js
    STATIC_URL = '/static/'
    STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),
    ]
    

• 在路由urls中配置静态资源访问url路径

  urlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
  ] + static(settings.STATIC_URL)
  

修改模板文件

略

创建模型层

class Article(models.Model):title = models.CharField(max_length=200)text = models.TextField()url = models.CharField(max_length=200)update_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)class Meta:db_table = "article"def __str__(self):return f"
"

• 将当前模型添加到admin管理后台中

修改视图层

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views.generic import TemplateView
from .models import Article
# Create your views here.
import mathclass IndexView(TemplateView):template_name = "index.html"def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):article_list = Article.objects.order_by("-create_time")for article in article_list:article.pub_date = article.create_time.strftime("%m-%d").replace("-", "月")article.length = len(article.text)article.read_time = math.ceil(len(article.text)/180) if article.text else 0context = {"article_list": article_list}return self.render_to_response(context)

• 添加路由

  path("", IndexView.as_view())
  

类目和标签

• 设计model

  # 由于我们接下来要使用django自带的管理页面, 所以这里我们用了外键
  class Category(models.Model):article = models.ForeignKey(Article, on_delete=models.CASCADE)name = models.CharField(max_length=200)slug = models.CharField(max_length=200)uri = models.CharField(max_length=200)
  

• 注册管理后台

  django的管理后台提供了很多丰富的功能, 有兴趣的可以研究一下.

  建议学完js之后直接上手学习vue前端框架, 收益更高一点.

  from django.contrib import admin
  from .models import Article, Category, Tag
  # Register your models here.class CategoryInline(admin.TabularInline):model = Categoryclass TagInline(admin.TabularInline):model = Tagclass ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):inlines = [CategoryInline, TagInline]list_display = ['title', 'create_time']admin.site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)

• 修改模板index.html

  略

• 修改视图

  class IndexView(TemplateView):template_name = "index.html"def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):article_list = Article.objects.order_by("-create_time")for article in article_list:article.pub_date = article.create_time.strftime("%m-%d").replace("-", "月")article.length = len(article.text)article.read_time = math.ceil(len(article.text)/180) if article.text else 0# 外键可以通过以下方式获取到集合article.categories = article.category_set.values()article.tags = article.tag_set.values()# cate_list = Category.objects.filter(article_id=article.id)context = {"article_list": article_list,}return self.render_to_response(context)
  

详情页

• 获取detail.html

• 安装markdown转html的第三方库和应用

  # 将md文档转换为html文件
  pip install markdown
  

• 增加路由

  path("///", DetailView.as_view()),
  

• 修改模板detail.html

  通过safe参数来声明当前是元素

  {{ article.content|safe }}
  
  

• 修改视图

  class DetailView(TemplateView):template_name = "detail.html"def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):article = Article.objects.get(url=request.path)content = ""for line in article.text.split("\n"):content += line.strip("  ") if "```" in line else linecontent += "\n"article.content = markdown.markdown(content, extensions=['markdown.extensions.extra',  # 转换标题, 字体等'markdown.extensions.codehilite',  # 添加高亮功能'markdown.extensions.toc',  # 将表单渲染为html document类型])context = {"article": article,}return self.render_to_response(context)
  

第三方应用

• 安装django-mdeditor

  # md文档后台管理页面编译应用
  pip install django-mdeditor
  

• 在settings当中添加应用

  INSTALLED_APPS = ['mdeditor',...
  ]
  

• 修改model中文章内容字段类型

  from mdeditor.fields import MDTextFieldtext = MDTextField()